Marxism - the political, economic and social principles espoused by 19th century economist Karl Marx; he viewed the struggle of workers as a progression of historical forces that would proceed from a class struggle of the proletariat (workers) exploited by capitalists (business owners), to a socialist "dictatorship of the proletariat," to, finally, a classless society -- Communism. Theocracy - a form of government in which a Deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the Deity's laws are interpreted by ecclesiastical authorities (bishops, mullahs, etc.); a government subject to religious authority. Democracy - a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed. Republic - a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation. Parliamentary monarchy - a state headed by a monarch who is not actively involved in policy formation or implementation (i.e. the exercise of sovereign powers by a monarch in a ceremonial capacity); true governmental leadership is carried out by a cabinet and its head - a prime minister, premier or chancellor - who are drawn from a legislature (parliament). Sultanate - similar to a monarchy scientific literature review topics, a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a sultan (the head of a Muslim state); the sultan may be an absolute ruler or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority. Ecclesiastical - a government administrated by a church. Absolute monarchy - a form of government where the monarch rules unhindered, i.e. without any laws, constitution or legally organized opposition. Confederacy (Confederation) - a union by compact or treaty between states, provinces or territories that creates a central government with limited powers; the constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those delegated to the central government. Monarchy - a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign - such as a king, queen or prince - with constitutionally limited authority. So simple as possible. 1. A Republic is a lawful state where the people have sovereignty and representatives rule 2. Aristocracy is the proper name for the form of government. 3. Republicanism in the original sense denotes one who favors a liberal Republic 4. Republican in the modern sense is essentially unrelated . The debate between Monarchy, Tyranny, and popular governments can be gathered from reading three works. First, King James I ‘s 1597-98 works The True Law of Free Monarchies (or, The Reciprocal and Mutual Duty Betwixt a Free King and His Natural Subjects ). Second, Basilikon Doron (His Majesties Instrvctions To His Dearest Sonne, Henry the Prince ). Third, George Buchanan’s 1579 work De jure regni apud Scotos (The Powers of the Crown in Scotland; or, A dialogue concerning the due privilege of government in the kingdom of Scotland ). In these works James coins the concept of the Divine Right of Kings and expresses a preference for a free Monarchy, while his one-time tutor Buchanan says Tyrants can be overthrown justly, as the source of power is the people not the Divine Right of Kings. Hobbes, perhaps even more correctly than Montesquieu, states that tyranny, oligarchy, and anarchy are just words we use when we don’t like something. They aren’t different forms of government. See Thomas Hobbes Leviathan . [17] Meanwhile despotism describes absolute power of the one. Thus a good King who follows the laws is a monarch, and an evil dictator who puts themselves before the law is a despotic tyrant. Any type of government can be described as tyrannical when it becomes corrupt and puts specific wills before the general will and the law (in other words, when it purposefully violates the social compact without consent in its own self interest). “Men have differed in opinion and been divided into parties by these opinions from the first origin of societies, and in all governments where they have been permitted freely to think and to speak. The same political parties which now agitate the U.S. have existed through all time. Whether the power of the people or that of the [aristocracy] should prevail were questions which kept the states of Greece and Rome in eternal convulsions, as they now schismatize every people whose minds and mouths are not shut up by the gag of a despot. And in fact the terms of Whig [liberal] and Tory [conservative] belong to natural as well as to civil history. They denote the temper and constitution of mind of different individuals.” —Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 1813. ME 13:279 on politics as a naturally occurring system . Though experiment. What is a tyrant but one who puts themselves before the law, what is oligarch or plutocrat but one who puts special interests before the law, what is anarchy but that which is lawless? See Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws (1748) . TIP. Any system can have so much weight in a society it can become the dominant system. Rome was imperialist to such an extent it was a facet of its character. China is “Communist Republic” the U.S. is a “Capitalist Federal Republic.” Etc. Most nations have an official title, but it isn’t always their true form. Here are all the common and uncommon forms of government in practice, remember mixed-governments can mix the forms below creating unique solutions for each state: The content of this website is provided for informational purposes only. Our site is not officially associated with any brand or government entity. Any mention of a brand or other trademarked entity is for the purposes of education, entertainment, or parody. Neither FactMyth.com nor its parent companies accept responsibility for any loss, damage, or inconvenience caused as a result of reliance on information published on, or linked to, from Factmyth.com. Branches of Government are commonly divided in these ways (i.e. a separation of powers ): The above primarily describes power source, not a power structure, economic system, or other factors. We can draw political philosophy from the Chinese (legalist vs. Taoist ), Native North Americans with their Confederate Iroquois. Indians with their caste system. and Middle-Easterners like the philosophers of the Golden Age of Islam such as al-Khwarizmi . A republic is very roughly 1. a Constitutional 2. organized state 3. in which power resides in representatives… this means a Republic can technically, under loose definitions, be a monarchy, an aristocracy, a democracy, or a mixed government, officials can be elected or not essay about tv watching, it can use federal power or be a confederation. etc. As long as the nation upholds a constitution and has representatives of the people, the term “republic” works. TIP. Montesquieu describes the government types noted by the Greeks, but focuses on governments that work in practice which he says are Monarchies, Despotic governments, Republics, and popular governments (Democracies). The spirit of moderation is what we call virtue in an aristocracy; it supplies the place of the spirit of equality in a popular state. TIP. Modern depictions of aristocracy tend to regard it not as the ancient Greek concept of rule by the best, but more as a plutocracy—rule by the rich…. I get if this is confusing, but remember, the model presented above is based on the Greek model. [14] THE POLITY OR KALLIPOLIS. One should note that Aristotle calls the perfect Republic a “Polity”, which sort of tautologically means “the ideal city state”, but also means a constitutional law abiding government that mixes aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy (essentially a “Mixed Republic”). Here we can generally say Aristotle and Plato agree that this Polity / Republic form is best (and this is, on paper, what America is ; very much on purpose of course). The only really difference is that Plato calls it a Kallipolis. With that said, “polity” or “kallipolis”, isn’t just a form, it is “the concept of the best form” (the form that best fosters a utilitarian theory of justice ), the ideal state that is the subject of Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’ Politics . Leaders are either: TIP. Robert Filmer offers a similar view as Hobbes, but argues for the Divine Right of Kings. a peculiar concept in an otherwise insightful book. John Locke counters the theories of both Filmer and Hobbes. Locke specifically defines forms like Hobbes Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy and plays on Buchanan’s ideas of the power residing with the people, the right to consent, and the right to overthrow tyrants. Likewise, Filmer and Hobbes take James I’s stance advocating for absolute monarchy. See Social Contract theory for this related discussion. That said, Republicanism has a more specific meaning, it specifically speaks to the favoring a Republic over a pure Democracy or pure Monarchy, it is a call for a state in which people, not kings, hold popular sovereignty (why the U.K. and America’s founders and Machiavelli fought for it). Thus, in the types of government, when we say “Republic” we are saying lawful citizen driven Aristocracy and not a principality (as Machiavelli would have defined “republic”). We use the term like this to show that when we say the U.S. is a Republic, we mean it is a “mixed government” rooted in an Aristocracy, in which the people are sovereign. TIP. The above list is not an exhaustive conversation on the basic forms of government, but it does offer a range of opinions. IMPORTANT: Because democracy comes in many forms, it is treated different by each philosopher. If you read Plato, he equates it with anarchy and describes it like a mix of anarchy and communism (a utopian version destined for collapse into tyranny). If you read Rousseau he treats it as virtuous, montesquie suggests mixing it in but thinks it is in a fault in a pure form. It is probably the most contested of the forms. Beware of making overly general conclusions like “democracy doesn’t work”. Democracy is great, it just has dangers of being excessively equal or excessively liberal. Liberty and equality are virtues, the danger philosophers realized is in excess. ARISTOTLE’S FORMS OF GOVERNMENT. Aristotle takes a different approach than Plato, and it is the same that will be taken by most philosophers as a foundation. It is simpler, so lets note it first. Aristotle, as shown in the modernized chart above, divides the forms by “who rules” and then discusses types. This whole theory can then be put in a chart like the one above to generally state that each form has a general correct and deviant form (each with different subtypes, for example Monarchy can be limited or absolute, but in both cases be correct). Thus, although a full reading of the Republic . Statesman . Politics . etc is in order, and second best is just a course on this or even some cliff notes. we can avoid all that just grasping Aristotle’s forms as presented in the chart above. Later philosophers will pull from Plato and Aristotle and add in their own thoughts, but Aristotle’s forms are a very workable foundation that will hold up in any time and in any era. PLATO’S FORMS OF GOVERNMENT. Unlike Aristotle, Plato separates governments by not only who rules, but by virtues. For Plato, Monarchy and Aristocracy are the only two correct / lawful forms (outside the perfect mixed form), and all of the aforementioned (democracy / anarchy, oligarchy, and tyranny) are all deviant / corrupt. Here Plato considers democracy and anarchy as a single form, and he adds in a timocracy based on honor as yet another corrupt system (a corruption of the aristocracy with an “inferior” political class and military AKA “inferior” guardians and auxiliaries in Plato’s terms). For Plato, only Monarchy and Aristocracy, which he considered the same form for most purposes, were not corrupt because they were the only forms that had the authority, virtues, and culture that could ensure the perfect class structure and state-virtues. Meanwhile, a bad government is one that ignores pitfalls. For instance, we have long known the dangers of Pure Democracy, yet for some reason, we have many fans of pure Communism and Pure Anarco-Capitalism within our 7.2 billion. A bad government is a government where people are unhappy, un-incentivized, hungry. uneducated, their liberties restricted. unproductive do i have too much homework, not creating art and enlightened works, where superstition trumps reason, and where the rule of law is not just . Still, all thoughts aside, I can’t help but return to Rousseau who couldn’t help but return to Montesquieu to say: TIP. For a more expansive list see Forms of Government by phrontistery.info. This list isn’t practical, but it is the most overly complete list I’ve ever seen. This List of forms of government from Rational Wiki is a little more usable. NOTE. The philosopher king is not the philosopher of Plato’s day, or the one we know today. It isn’t a snooty academic, it isn’t just someone who is book smart, it is the arete of a philosopher, one trained from birth in the art (with also a natural inclination). It is a mythical idea that can only be realized in a carefully structured perfect state. Why have classes? Well, this allows producers to love money, warriors to love honor, artists to love art, and leaves the wise philosopher (who knows all but loves only truth) to rule. So then, if you are driven by money and pleasure, then your innate character has chosen your class. This is a type of communism, a planned state, but only loosely, as the idea is to give all types maximum liberty via specialization based on their natural selves. Needless to say this is a utopian system never tried in practice. Since it is Utopian, the Greeks concede that in general a Monarchy or Republic is best, for while not perfect, it gets the rule of law right, and that keep properly breed the virtues of the state. Each of the classical forms (Monarchy, Aristocracy, Democracy) can be separated into two types by asking one last question, “whether or not it is ruled justly ” (where “just,” or virtuous. is well interpreted as “ruled by law in favor of the people”). In one sense, there is only the Republic (Book 1 Chapter 6 of the Social Contract ). In practice the will of the people can’t be different than the will of the state. The people are the state, a monarch has to delegate, and democracies form factions, so they always err toward a Republic in practice.
TIP. Rousseau also noted that the deviant types put power before the law in a chapter called “How government is abused. Its tendency to degenerate.” Rousseau had clearly read Montesquieu; each later philosopher has read the work of his or her predecessors. THE IDEAL STATE, SOUL, and PERSON. The Greeks weren’t just talking about “governments” in their theories, they were talking about the nature of justice in relation to the ideal state, soul, and person. They were talking about Hume’s fork. the greatest happiness theory. all of metaphysics, and social science. Souls form men, men form states. The state, being a representative of the perfect person and soul is discussed as such. Their’s is a real theory of governments, but it is meant to be equated to the general concept of arete (the highest good). A perfect soul, structured like the perfect state, creates the perfect people, creates the perfect state, when the perfect state, spirit of the laws, and class system foster this. None of this can or should be separated, although the key is separating the powers. A state that promotes greed in all classes, they say, is bound for tyranny . TIP. According to Plato, when democracy and oligarchy breed too much vice in a state, the state collapse into a tyrannical state. This is why Buchanan criticizes both democracy (the form with many heads) in his dialogue “the Powers of the Crown” in which he also criticizes tyranny. You know the proverb, “the people is a monster of many heads.” You are sensible, undoubtedly, of their great rashness and great inconstancy. – Buchanan, expressing the Greeks distrust of mob rule. PLATO’S CLASS SYSTEM. In his Republic what is an antithesis in a speech, Plato doesn’t just muse on “the perfect city-state” (the ends of discussing the virtues of government, the forms, and the nature of justice; the point of the Republic) he also muses on the perfect structure of classes which the government governs and ensures. Here he says there should be a producer class write my self essay, an artist (luxury class) which is part of the “producer class” what is canadian culture essay, a class of warriors AKA an “auxiliary class”, and a class of philosopher kings AKA a political “guardian” class. Each class had its own virtues marketing management case study with questions, was specialized, fit with a natural type of human (so no one would forced to be something they weren’t) and could only keep in balance if they kept to their virtues. They key to Plato’s theory, not Aristotle’s, is realizing he puts the emphasis on this and thus he sees only Monarchy and Aristocracy as good forms and does not care as much about “who rules”. For Plato, an Oligarchy is almost worst than democracy, because at least an oligarchy has the laws, manners, and restraints of an aristocracy. Anarchy (pure liberty and equality based) Later in the book, Rousseau clarifies that: Strictly speaking, there’s no such thing as a simple ·or unmixed· government. So we can say, that even though Rousseau recognized the classical forms, he saw all governments as types of mixed Republics and all states as requiring unique mixes. (Book 3 Chapter 7 of the Social Contract ) See Rousseau’s social contract theory see the excerpt from Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws. 1748 . Keeping in mind that the Greeks didn’t [always] draw little charts like the ones below to describe the governments and that this is an attempt to translate their theories into a few tables: VIRTUE in a republic is a most simple thing; it is a love of the republic; it is a sensation, and not a consequence of acquired knowledge; a sensation that may be felt by the meanest as well as by the highest person in the state. TIP. As noted above, Machiavelli also strongly favored a Republic. In the Prince, he dismisses the idea of Democracy, since one has never really existed as a successful state, and (if you read the book as satire and along with Livy . as it arguably should be) makes it clear as day that he thinks a free Republic trumps a Hereditary Principality. “Liberty isn’t a fruit of every climate, so it isn’t within the reach of every people.” – Rousseau paraphrasing Montesquieu. They both speak of “climate” literally, and while this has merit, climate as a broader concept it makes far more sense. From a totalitarian dictatorship to an autonomous collective, there are many different classifications of government. Disclaimer: Free essays on College Papers posted on this site were donated by anonymous users and are provided for informational use only. The free College Papers research paper (The Classification of Governments essay ) presented on this page should not be viewed as a sample of our on-line writing service. If you need fresh and competent research / writing on College Papers, use the professional writing service offered by our company. One of the most familiar classifications is that which distinguishes monarchic from republican governments. Republican forms of government, such as the U.S. and Switzerland, comprise unions of states in which the power of the central or national government is limited by the constitutionally established powers of the constituent subdivisions. In other words each of the constituents holds powers that are constitutionally protected from the central government. In monarchic states, however, such as Great Britain and Belgium, the constituent subdivisions of the state are subordinate to the authority of the national government. These two forms of government constitute the most generalized and widely accepted systems in the modern world. 884 words Trust and Compliance: Messaging by Government Officials versus Business Professionals - I. Summary of the Issue: Trust and Compliance: Messaging by Government Officials versus Business* Professionals A. Background Extreme disaster emergencies, such as the Hurricane Katrina sample history essay outline, may burden state’s emergency operation plans when the extent of the situation strains the response plan to its maximum limit (1). When all resources are depleted, states may request a presidential disaster declaration to receive more support; yet they would be unlikely to manage such tremendous response by themselves. [tags: Government] 1478 words 884 words 1976 words The Federal Government and its Role in the States - The federal system is a very complex because it allocates responsibility to state and federal government. Our federal system is one which powers are divided by the central government and state government. They both act directly upon the citizens and must agree with constitutional changes. The division of power among the states and federal government is called federalism. In the past there have been smart president and leader that gave the federal government more power than the states. We have view our country shift powers among the states and central government. [tags: Federal Government, Government, USA, states,] 1158 words 1781 words 559 words Business and Government - Describe the current relationship between government and business in the United States The government’s position is to ensure that citizens do not suffer harm resulting from business operations, such as selling tainted food or preparing foods in unsanitary conditions, causing ecological harm, or dealing unscrupulously in financial matters. The larger the government grows, the more it introduces regulations and taxes onto businesses (Carney, 2006). The business’ position is that they want the government to stay out of their operations. [tags: Government] 1261 words 2073 words Government Productivity - 1.) Productivity is defined as the relationship between resources used and results achieved¹. Improvement in this area means either obtaining more and better program output from a given level of resources or using fewer resources to maintain or improve a certain level of output. The federal government has a vital stake in improving the productivity of state and local governments for two primary reasons: (1) the national economy is strengthened as a result of improvements in the productivity and fiscal prospects of this key sector; and (2) the effectiveness and efficiency of the multitude of federal grant and regulatory programs using state and local governments to implement federal policies. [tags: Government] 743 words Branches of Government - Branches of Government 222 years ago, the United States government was created, thanks to a little document known as the Constitution. Within the Constitution, three branches of government were created; the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. Each of these branches have checks upon each other and keep the country running like a well-oiled machine. Of the three branches, the first one to be outlined in the Constitution is the Legislative branch. This branch serves many purposes regarding the formation of the nation's laws. [tags: Government] 1737 words Government's Responce To Hurricane Katrina - Hurricane Katrina, one of the most devastating and costly tropical cyclones to ever impact the country, ravaged the southeastern United States on August 29, 2005. New Orleans, bearing the brunt of Katrina, was in a state of chaos. Government aid did not reach the city until several days after the storm made landfall. Many people argue that this delay in government aid forced the people of New Orleans to migrate out of the city. I agree and disagree with this statement. I believe that the government had no option after the hurricane struck other than to transfer the people elsewhere, however, I believe that government aid to the city should have arrived in a much more organized and prompt man. [tags: Government] The Power of Pressure Groups to Influence Government - As progress of the society, knowledge standard of people are constantly increased. People no longer blindly obey the government when they are dissatisfied with the policies and exercising different channels to express their views, it reflects the raise of civic participation and political awareness. This essay is purported to discuss the statement – “The power of pressure groups to influence government is, in reality, limited.” with examples of Hong Kong. Green Sense (2004), The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU, 1948), Hong Kong Professional Teahers’ Unions (HKPTU, 2010) and The Association for the Advancement of Feminism (AAF, 1984), which are some of the pressure groups in Hong Ko. [tags: Government] 1180 words 3050 words The Three Branches of Government - The United States government braces its power among three powerful branches, legislative, executive and judicial. These branches interact with one another to establish authority that is strong, yet equal to have power over the country. Each branch pursues certain responsibilities and duties to operate in an efficient and effective manner in which society upholds. The executive, legislative and judicial branches all interact amid each other to validate accuracy of the nation’s most powerful law of the land, the Constitution. [tags: History, Functions, US Government] The Federal Government’s Role in Education - Even though the Declaration of Independence does not mention education, our founding fathers did value education. Illustrated by the ordinances they passed “in 1785 and 1787 that granted federal lands to states to create and support public school- an institution that the nation’s founders viewed as essential to democracy and national unification.” (Jennings, p3) In 1959, the admission of Alaska and Hawaii into the Union reconfirmed the Federal government’s support of education. Three distinct elements that impact education are; laws that have been passed, the removal of the church from public schools, and the role of federal government that has evolved and changed over the years. [tags: U.S. Government ] The Role of the Government in the Economy - The appropriate role of government in the economy consists of six major functions of interventions in the markets economy. Governments provide the legal and social framework, maintain competition, provide public goods and services, national defense, income and social welfare, correct for externalities, and stabilize the economy. The government also provides polices that help support the functioning of markets and policies to correct situations when the market fails. As well as, guiding the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. [tags: Government] The Ins and Outs of Government Careers - GOVERNMENT CAREERS DESCRIPTION: Government careers are the most sought careers of all times. The variety of occupations in the government sectors is extensively wide. Government careers provide stability to the professional life. The competition for these jobs is very keen. SYNOPSIS 1. Introduction 2. Tasks 3. Qualifications Required 4. Other necessary Skills 5. Place of Work 6. Job Opportunities 7. Remuneration 8. Job Progress 9. Employment Forecast Introduction Government careers are the most sought careers of all. [tags: american government how to do outlines for research papers, careers] Local Government and Healthcare - Regional-based IHNs arise from the devolution of health care management to a lower tier of local government, either a regional health authority or a municipality. In the first case, the IHN generally encompasses two health care tiers (first-line and hospital care), but that is not necessarily true in the second case as some municipalities may be too small to justify having a hospital with specialized care. In both cases, IHN populations are geographically defined. The enrolment-based IHN evolved in countries with a system based on competitive insurance markets (managed competition model), where consumers buy prepaid health care plans. [tags: Local Government, government, Healthcare, argument] The Conspiracy of 911 and 1984’s Corrupt Government - The novel 1984 by George Orwell is an exaggerated and unrealistic story, blown out of proportion to seek people’s attention and alarm the world of the dangers of a totalitarian society. The novel takes place in a world where no personal freedoms exist and the government, known as the Party in 1984, has no hesitation to lie to Oceania and its people. It’s those lies that allow the Party to maintain dictatorial control over Oceania. Some people believe the United States has lied about some government acts good college essay intros, such as September 11, 2001. [tags: Government ] The Australian Federal Government Budget - 2011/2012 Federal Government Budget The Australian Budget is an annually published document which details the Federal Government's plans to affect the level of economic activity, resource allocation, and income distribution through the use of fiscal policy. It describes the framework which the government intends to follow during the next financial year which will result in the attainment of their objectives. The budget is a publication of the government's plans regarding the use of fiscal policy, and is published to parliament and the general public on “budget night”, so as to allow open dissemination about the status of public finances and to promote transparency in Australia's fiscal po. [tags: Australia, Government, Economy] The 911 Terrorist Attacks And The Ensuing Government Bureaucracy - McDonalds Machine Bureaucracy vs. Failure in various modern Institutional Bureaucracies to achieve their goals: Power Struggles, Inability to plan and anticipate disasters, blaming, and vague roles The bureaucratic failures of the United States Governmental agencies to prevent the 911 terrorist Attacks are a result of poor bureaucratic structure. This problem could be resolved by restructuring to attain a more health bureaucracy. One effective bureaucracy noted was that of the McDonalds Corporation. [tags: Government] 1711 words 1681 words 1122 words A Government Divided - Based on the U.S. National Debt each American citizen contributed debt is $47,724.00. This does not mean that we are accruing debt our self this is a representative number of how much debt is comparison to all the American citizens (US Debt, 2011). According to the U.S. Social Security Office the average income for an American citizen is $41,673.83 (Social Security Administration, 2011). Although these statistics are loosely based the average is a sample. One could argue it is not accurate to the current economic standings although the debt values are. [tags: U.S. Government ] 644 words 3029 words 988 words The Formative Years of the US Government - The founding fathers had various ideas to form the new constitution and the new government. The first presidential election in American history was won by George Washington through the popular will. Everyone in the Electoral College had voted for Washington for the first place with the hearty approval of the public. Washington received all 69 votes from the Electoral College while John Adams became the Vice President and got 34 votes (Boller P.4). The new government under the new Constitution was led by Mr. [tags: U.S. Government ] 2205 words 1005 words Government's Immense Control Over the American Population - When a politician speaks does it cross the minds of others to truly believe and trust that they know what they are talking about. What is politics. Politics is the art or science of government, especially the governing of a political entity, such as a nation, and the administration and control of its internal and external affairs (Politics Definition). The government regulates or censors everything from what we watch on TV to what the future of America (i.e. children) learns at school. Is this type of control necessarily a good thing. [tags: government] 1708 words 1462 words The Failures of the US Federal Government - “That government is best which governs least.” is a famous quote by Henry David Thoreau. Thoreau was a transcendentalist who was not a fan of an overly involved government; he would have rather had no government at all. There have been many cases in which citizens do not like how their government is working. One of these cases was the American Revolution in 1776. A group of men in the American colonies decided that they would succeed from Britain to make their own country. This was due to the fact of the British parliament overstepping its boundaries. [tags: Government, Politics] 1619 words 634 words Making of the New Government - After the victory over the British, each state had its own Constitution and Bill of Rights, but there were no centralized government. The Continental Government had a number of responsibilities that were not granted to them legitimately. They had created the Continental Army, printed money, managed trade, and dealt with the nation’s debt. They felt that they needed to legitimate their actions and realized that there was a need for a centralized government (Schultz, p115). In this report, I will compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation with the new Constitution of 1787, analyze the drafting of the Constitution and how the states compromised to draft it effectively, compare and contr. [tags: American History, Government] 1487 words Changes in the American Government - Throughout the lifespan of the American government, there have been changes to the different branches. One cannot simply claim that they are exactly as the Founding Fathers had designed them and pictured them; they have become so much more. Among these changes are the adoption of the 17th Amendment, the general surrender of control of power to the executive branch, and the centralization of power to a couple of congressional leaders in recent years. These are some of the most important changes that have altered the Congress and the American government in general. [tags: U.S. Government ] Three Branches of the Texas Government - In my analysis of the Texas Constitution I will assess the three branches of our State Government top essay topics 2015, the Legislative Branch, Executive Branch and finally the Judicial Branch. Our State Government resembles our National Government in various ways but also in very different ways which we will review in this essay. I will identify a handful of criticisms and problems associated with the provisions in each of these branches of our State Government and identify suggested reforms that many feel are needed. [tags: Government] Government Intrusion and Civil Liberties - Most people have either read or heard of the book 1984 in some point in their high school career. Some may see it as just fictional literature that we learn in English class, but it could become seeing as to how our government is handling national security. In 1984, the author, George Orwell talks about a society in which one group of people runs society and everyone is under surveillance. This was something that people in the 1980s would not think possible, so how could Orwell have thought of this plot when writing the book during the 1940s. [tags: Government] 848 words 978 words Should Government Provide Free Daycare Centers? - Should the government provide day care centers for working parents. Parents who are working hard to provide there family a good meal and to pay the rent, the least the government can do for these people is to help out a parent by providing free child care centers for working parents right. Guess what, the republicans and the democrats from congress have been doing something about it. There have at least been 70 bills that have been introduced by both of them, but it seems like the house of representative keep turning down every single one of them. [tags: Government] 847 words At different levels of electoral process in nomination, canvassing and campaigning these groups take cudgels on behalf of their favourites and get them a coveted place in the legislature and later in the cabinet. They have a sizeable block of voters in their pockets and also contribute to the financial sinews of the party concerned. The members elected with the support of a pressure group are compelled to do their biddings with far greater strength than the biddings of their party. The Chamber of Commerce, the Trade Unions, the Scheduled Caste Federation, Kissan Sammelan are instances of pressure groups. They come into being to make the government responsive to the interests of groups of citizens. In the Indian political system, pressure groups play conspicuous part in the political process as a whole. Their role in elections is conspicuous. (xi) It has not enlisted the services of the most honest and capable persons; The percentage of the Indian citizens who fulfill this obligation ranges between 40 to 45 per cent. Moreover, voting is on the basis of caste and extraneous considerations. Election campaigns instead of educating the voters become exercise in praising one’s own side and condemning the other to the extreme. Voting is so quantitatively and qualitatively poor that the whole process of democratic government becomes jeopardized. Russia and China are the states with one party system. In Russia however, with the disintegration of U.S.S.R. under the impact of Glasnost and Perestroika, the dictatorship of the communist party has tumbled down and other political parties have made their appearance on the political horizon. Germany and Italy were one party state under Nazism and Fascism. It does not allow unrestricted or uncontrolled associations. It subjects all social groupings to the designs of the state. Usually, questioning of the ideas and practices of the rules is not tolerated. Freedom of expression by the press or individual is denied. Obedience is the supreme law which is enforced by the use of police powers. (xii) Nevertheless, it has, taken all in all, given better practical results than either the Rule of one Man or the Rule of a class. (ix) It has not extinguished corruption and the influence of wealth; (iii) It has not been ungrateful or inconstant; (iv) Its legislation has been directed to the welfare of the poorer classes than has been that of other governments; Democracy is founded upon the principle of popular sovereignty, i.e. ultimate power resides in the citizens. An Important principle of democracy is that all citizens have equal political privileges which only they can exercise and which they cannot transfer to any other persons. The political parties in India are ‘personality-centered’ than ‘policy centered’. More than forty parties operate at the national and local levels. There is frequent competition and factional conflict within the parties. Sometimes, inner cliques or “rings” develop. The political party which acts as a link between the people and their government has become the media for a politician to gain an occupation. The politician plays a very important role in our whole system. There is a close nexus between politician, mafia and bureaucrat. Thus Aristotle regarded democracy as the worst form of government, but he felt that the potential capacity of the citizens for sound collective Judgement could assure the success of this form. After Aristotle, numerous classifications of governments have been proposed by political thinkers but as pointed by Garner, “There seems to be no single principle, or criterion, Juridical or otherwise, upon which a satisfactory classification of governments can be made.” (i) It has maintained public order while securing the liberty of the individual citizen: Article shared by (vii) Accidental factors: (x) It has not removed the fear of revolution; (B) That the total number of valid votes polled by all the contesting candidates set up by such party at the general election in the state to the House of People, or as the case may be, to the Legislative Assembly, for the time being in existence and functioning (excluding the valid votes of each such contesting candidates in a constituency as has not been elected and has not polled at least one-twelfth of the total number of valid votes polled by all the contesting candidates on that constituency), is not less than four percent of the total number of valid votes polled by the’ contesting candidates at such general election in the state (including the valid votes of those candidates who have forfeited their deposits). Democracy is based upon two basic cultural values of equality and liberty. It has attained a marked popularity in the world, yet it is often criticized for certain defects. The first of these is that the citizens do not fully exercise their rights nor accept their obligations. Voting is a paramount right of the citizens in a democracy, but the citizens do not fully and honestly discharge their obligation to vote. (viii) It has not weakened patriotism or courage; The losing party in this system serves as an effective opposition. France is the instance of a state with multiple party systems. Under a multiple party system governments change rapidly. The voters are bewildered by a number of viewpoints presented and the multiplicity of candidates they must assess.
0 Comentarios
Deja una respuesta. |
ArchivosCategorías |